Abstracts of
Conference Papers (2000-2008)
Abstracts of Conference Papers
(1972-1979) (1980-1989) (1990-1999)
2008 2006
2005 2004 2003 2002
2008
C68: Pattern Recognition using
Moiré Fringe Topo-
graphy and Rasterstereography
Work done
at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University
Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, International
Symposium on Biometrics and
Security Technologies (IEEE ISBAST 2008), Bahria Uni-versity, Islamabad,
Pakistan, 2008, p 14
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Moiré fringe topography and rasterstereography are 3-D optical imaging
techniques, which provide height and curvature maps of the subject or the
object under study. These are non-contact and non-invasive techniques, which
project moiré and raster grids on the body. The distorted grids contain height
and curvature information, which may be recovered using image-processing
algorithms. These techniques are being applied to face recogni-tion. The
information may be stored in the database and not easily accessible to ordinary
citizen. Hence, the chances of fake pictures or fabricated patterns are
minimized. Techniques are developed to project, simulta-neously, moiré and
raster grids and analyze height and curvature information, separately, using selective optical filtering, which could be used to record
height and curvature patterns during a certain action, e. g., uttering a
standard word. Edge-based algorithms, combined with moiré contours and raster
patterns, allow study of face movements through changing height and curvature
maps. A multiple-level screening of suspects using these technologies is
proposed. Paper PDF
2006
C67: Incorporatng
Cross-Range Error in the Lambert Scheme
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Proceedings of the Tenth National Aeronautical
Conference, Edited by Sheikh SR, Khan AM, College of Aeronautical
Engineering, Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur (Pakistan), 2006, pp 255-263
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The determination of an
orbit, having a specified transfer time (time-of-flight) and connecting two
position vec-tors, frequently referred to as the Lambert problem, is
fundamental in astrodynamics. Of the many techniques existing for solving this
two-body, two-point, time-constrained orbital boundary-value problem, Gauss'
and Lag-range's methods were combined to obtain an elegant algorithm based on
Battin's work. This algorithm included detection of cross-range error. A variable TYPE, introduced in the
transfer-time equation, was flipped, to gene-rate the inverse-Lambert scheme.
The Lambert scheme could be useful in steering a satellite-launch vehicle (SLV)
as well as constructing the control system of a passenger craft traveling in a
ballistic trajectory. Paper
PDF
C66: The
Multi-Stage-Q system and the Inverse-Q System for Possible Application in
Satellite-Launch Vehicle (SLV)
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI,
University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Mirza A, Proceedings of the
Fourth International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST
2005), Volume 3, Control and Simulation, Edited by Hussain SI, Munir A, Kayani J,
Samar R, Khan MA, National Center for
Physics, Bhurban (Pakistan), 2006, pp 27-33 — Nominated by Vice Chancellor,
University of Karachi to read paper
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Steering a Satellite-Launch Vehicle (SLV) to strictly follow a predefined
trajectory imposes unnecessary load on the control loop, and may, possibly,
saturate servos. This may introduce a permanent error in the
vehicle-desti-nation position and velocity vectors. Consequently, payload
(satellite) would be deployed in a wrong orbit. The orbital-error correction
utilizes onboard energy, which reduces the operational life of a satellite.
Therefore, it is desirable that SLV is capable of altering its trajectory
according to the new operating conditions, in order to achieve the required
destination position and velocity vectors. In this paper, an innovative
adaptive scheme is presented, which is based on “the Multi-Stage-Q System”.
Using the control laws expressed in the elliptic-astro-dynamical-coördinate
mesh (normal-component-cross-product steering and normal-component-dot-product
steering), this scheme proposes a design of autopilot, which achieves the
pre-decided destination position and velocity vectors for a multi-stage rocket,
when each stage is detached from the main vehicle after it burns out,
completely. In “the Inverse-Q System”, one applies extended-cross-product
steering to the vector sum of velocity vectors of spacecraft and
interceptor. Paper PDF
2005
C65: Vision of the Academic Community of
Science and Physics Concepts at High School
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road,
Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Ara J,
Kamal SA, Rahim T, Naseeruddin, International
Conference on Physics for World and Society,
Celebration of World Year of Physics and the Third Annual Session of Rajasthan
Physics Association, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (India), 2005
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This paper describes a preliminary research carried out at midpoint-study level
to assess vision of science teaching, especially, physics at matric and ‘O’
levels. Based on the findings of an earlier small-scale-interview study, a
questionnaire was prepared related to science, in particular, physics concepts.
The designed ques-tionnaire was given to a small sample consisting of 50
regular teachers involved at secondary and ‘O’-levels
teaching. Results based on the questionnaire were analyzed and some of the
implications presented.
C64: Ellipse-Orientation Steering: A
Control Law for Spacecrafts and Satellite-Launch Vehicles (SLV)
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270,
Pakistan
Kamal SA, Space Science and Challenges of the
Twenty-First-Century, ISPA-SUPARCO Collaborative Seminar
(in connection with World Space Week), University of Karachi, Karachi, November
21, 2005 (invited lecture)
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The mission design is not complete unless the trajectory calculation includes
checks for cross-range error and down-range error. Ellipse-Orientation Steering, a control law expressed in terms of
the elliptic-astrodynamical-coördinate mesh, states conditions, which must be
satisfied for no down-range error and no cross-range error. Mathematical proof
was given and protocols for elimination of down-range and cross-range errors
described.
C63: Mathematics
Research, Teaching and Community Outreach in University of Karachi: Challenges
and Opportunities
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA,
Informative Mathematical Event, Karachi Mathematical Association and
Department of
Mathematics, University of Karachi,
Karachi, 2005
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This paper deals with the challenges involved and the opportunities available
for mathematics research, teaching and community outreach at University of
Karachi, the largest university in public sector. The research philosophy
consists of capitalizing on the strength of mathematics having the power of
generalization and the power of application to formulate and to propose
solutions, which enhance man’s quality of life. The pedagogical philosophy is
based on cultivating habits of creative thinking and critical analysis by
providing highly-motivated students sufficient depth as well as adequate
breadth of the core and the related subjects so that they can make informed,
independent decisions under stressful situations. The contents as well as the
pedagogical techniques constitute an effective curriculum, combined with a
system of evaluation to ascertain that learning objectives have been
accomplished. The training of a mathematician should take the incumbent from
concept building and mapping towards applying the mathematical skills through
problem formulation, analysis and suggesting viable solutions. Problems solving
in the classroom must prepare the student to handle industrial problems and,
even-tually, take up research problems. A teaching program without input from
active researchers shall become mun-dane. Exposure to cutting-edge research is
essential for the faculty and the students. The students should be trained to
capitalize on the strength of mathematics having the power of generalization
and the power of application to formulate and to propose solutions, which
enhance man's quality of life. The philosophy of commu-nity outreach is
formulated on the notion of taking into confidence the community (where work is
being done), through involvement in decision-making process, planning and
implementing various programs as well as educating society about the importance
of mathematics as a tool of the tools, having predictive power and as a branch
of knowledge, which appreciates and cultivates beauty of nature through the use
of numbers.
2004
C62: Mathematics
Research and Teaching in University of Karachi: Challenges and Opportunities
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA,
Winter Conference in Mathematics,
Center for Advanced Studies in Mathematics, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore (Pakistan), 2004, abstract # 24, p 18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This paper dealt with the challenges involved and the opportunities
available for mathematics research and teaching in a public-sector setting. The
pedagogical philosophy is based on cultivating habits of creative
thinking and critical analysis by providing highly motivated students
sufficient depth as well as adequate breadth of the core and the related
subjects so that they can make informed, independent decisions under stressful
situations. The contents as well as the pedagogical techniques constitute an
effective curriculum, combined
with a system of evaluation to ascertain that learning objectives have been
accomplished. The training of a mathematician should take the incumbent from
concept building and mapping towards applying the mathematical skills through
problem formulation, analysis and suggesting viable solutions. Problems solving
in the classroom must prepare the student to handle industrial problems and,
eventually, take up research problems. A teaching program without input from
active researchers shall become mundane. Exposure to cutting-edge research is
essential for the faculty and the students. The students should be trained to
capitalize on the strength of mathematics having the power of generalization
and the power of application to formulate and to propose solutions, which
enhance man's quality of life.
C61: Strong Noether’s Theorem: Applications in Astrodynamics
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, the Second
Symposium on Cosmology, Astrophysics and Relativity, Center for Advanced
Mathematics and Physics, National University of Sciences and Technologies,
Rawalpindi (Pakistan), 2004, p 2
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Noether’s theorem is one of the fundamental theorems relating
conservation laws to space-time symmetries. A stronger version of Noether’s
theorem was given and its applications demonstrated in handling two-body
problem of planetary motion. Two-body problem was set-up in the
elliptic-astrodynamical-coördinate mesh, and Kepler’s equation was shown to be
a particular solution of the equation of motion. This formulation yielded 3
constants
of motion, instead of the customary 2.
C60: Use of Astrodynamical Coördinates to Study-Bounded
Keplarian Motion
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, the Fifth
International Pure Mathematics Conference,
Quaid-é-Azam University and Pakistan Mathematical Society, Islamabad
(Pakistan), 2004 — Nominated by Vice Chancellor, University of Karachi
to
read paper
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This paper reviewed the use of elliptic-astrodynamical-coördinate mesh
to study bounded-keplarian motion. The problem reduces to one-parameter
problem, since the keplerian orbits are ellipses. Expressions for the
hamiltonian and the lagrangian were obtained.
Kepler’s equation was shown to be a particular solution of the equation
of motion in this coördinate mesh. This formulation was verified by evaluating
known expressions and a few applications were presented.
C59: Industrial and Business Mathematics
in the Third Millennium (Concluding Talk)
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road,
Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, the MIBM Grand Seminar: Industrial and Business
Mathematics in the Third Millennium,
Department
of Mathematics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 2004
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This
paper reviewed mathematical problems and challenges faced by the industrial,
the business and the
financial sector and how Program in Industrial and Business Mathematics
proposes to tackle them. Mathematics possesses the unique powers of
“Generalization” and ”Application”. The teaching methodology based on concepts,
mathematical structure, tools, techniques and applications was elaborated.
C58: Mathematical Modeling of Physiological Systems
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, the
First World Conference on Twenty-First Century Mathematics, School of Mathematical
Sciences, GC University, Lahore (Pakistan), 2004, abstract # 67, pp 19-20
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This
paper reviewed mathematical models of brain, heart, spinal column and human
growth with an emphasis on the mathematical, the physical and the computer
science concepts involved. The models of brain were based
on generalized theory of driven harmonic oscillator. Study of group structure
has provided mathematical
definition of brain death. Model of heart was based on standing-wave concept.
In addition, static and dynamic models of the human spinal column were
presented. The models generate three-dimensional profile of the human spinal
column from noncontact, noninvasive, measurements obtained from moiré contours. Moiré fringe topography is a
strereophotogrammetric technique, which gives three-dimensional information of
any curved surface. Rasterstereography gives local curvatures of the surface. A
combination of these techniques is applied to study posture and gait of child,
detect and quantify curvatures of spinal column and aid orthopedic surgeons
in operations by providing 3-D maps of bony structures to be operated. A model
of child growth was described, which included a method to generate detailed growth
profile of a child on the basis of records of height and weight of child,
six-month apart as well as heights and weights of biological father and
biological mother. Problems and challenges, which could be taken up by
twenty-first-century mathematicians, were also discussed.
2003
C57: The Training of a Physicist: From Concept Building to
Problem-Solving Skills
(Concluding Talk + Recommendations of the Conference)
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road,
Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, the Second International Conference on Physics
Education, Department of
Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 2003
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Physics teaching in Pakistani institutions does not produce physicists capable of
bringing out new concepts. Neither, they are trained in problem-solving skills.
This paper focused on the factors contributing to this state
of affairs. Further, it proposed strategies to reverse the situation. Paper
PDF
C56: Incompleteness of
Cross-Product Steering and a Mathematical Formulation of Extended-Cross-Product
Steering
Work done at:
UNIVERSITY
OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Proceedings of
the First International Bhurban Conference
on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST 2002), Volume 1, Advanced
Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited
by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for
Physics, Bhurban (Pakistan), 2003, pp 167-177
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cross-product
steering, as presented by Battin, is incomplete and cannot achieve the desired
results. A further condition on the magnitude of rate of change of velocity is
needed to bring the spacecraft in the desired orbit. The new control law is
named as "Extended-Cross-Product Steering", which incorporates this
additional
condition. Mathematical representation using the elliptic-astrodynamical-coördinate
mesh was presented.
Paper PDF
C55: Dot-Product Steering: a New Control Law for
Spacecrafts and Satellites
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF
KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Proceedings of the First International Bhurban Conference on
Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST 2002), Volume 1, Advanced
Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited
by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for
Physics, Bhurban (Pakistan), 2003, pp 178-184
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A
control law is formulated, which employs dot-products of velocity and its rate
of change. Mathematical representation using the
elliptic-astrodynamical-coördinate mesh was presented. Paper
PDF
2002
C54: The Early-Childhood-Integrated-Developmental Examination
(ECIDE) for 3-8 Years Old Children
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road,
Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA
, the Aga Khan University National Sciences Research Symposium: Early
Childhood Care and Development, Karachi, 2002, abstract # 17, p 32
(poster presentation)
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Objective: To study the
developmental milestones achieved during early childhood.
Methods: ECIDE incorporates
observation of child's behavior under standardized conditions, with separate
ratings for MAQ (mental ability quotient) and MCQ (motor coördination
quotient). Child is scored on (a) behavior, (b) grooming, (c) response to
undressing, (d) interest in testing material and surroundings, (e) orientation
in space and in time, (f) degree and duration of concentration, (g)
distractibility, (h) compliance, (i) fearfulness
with apparatus and people, (j) movements, (k) speech, (l) irritability, (m)
activity level and (n) ability to
interact with peers. Selected segments are given to the NGDS Pilot Project
participants, comprising of over
1000 healthy 3-8 years old boys and girls, representing a national sample.
Results: Pakistani children, in general, excel in mental ability as
compared to their western counterparts. However, their motor coördination, in
particular, gait needs to be improved.
Recommendations/Conclusions:
ECIDE needs to be developed further with a structured, formal-ordered
performance routine based on influence and precedence graphs. Once developed
fully and baseline scores established, the test may be useful in evaluating the
effectiveness of various teaching and child-upbringing approaches. On a cellular
level, the test may provide one of many tools to map synaptic connections
formed during a learning process.
C53: The NGDS Pilot
Project: Aiming at the Future of Pakistan
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Firdous S, Alam SJ, the Aga Khan University National Sciences Research Symposium: Early
Childhood Care and Development, Karachi, 2002, abstract # 13, p 26 (presentation CD compiled by the organizers)
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Objective: To pinpoint cases of
stunting and wasting in early childhood by obtaining a detailed growth profile
of a child.
Methods: The NGDS (National Growth and
Developmental Standards for the Pakistani Children) Pilot Project is being
successfully implemented since 1998, to collect data on children, representing
a national sample, in a better-than-average health. Standing and sitting
heights, shoulder widths and mid-upper-arm-circumferences
are measured on over 2000 healthy children. A software is developed, which
takes as input heights and weights of biological father and biological mother,
as well as those of child at 2 successive occasions, 6 months apart. The output
is a detailed growth profile indicating stunting and wasting (if present),
optimal and actual biomass indices, height velocities and rates of weight gain
(or loss).
Results: Growth profiles of children in descriptive, tabular, graphical
and bar-chart form are to be presented.
Recommendations/Conclusions:
There should be a "National Anthropometry Center", which
should receive and process data from sub centers located in each
"tehsil"/town. By law, the parents be required to register all live
births to these sub centers. All children must receive head-to-toe examination
every 6 months including anthropometry during the early childhood years. A
healthy child would become a healthy parent, thereby minimizing
malnutrition-related diseases. Only a well-nourished
child can take up the challenges of leadership.
C52: The NGDS Pilot Project: A Software to Analyze Growth of a Child (A
Telemedicine Perspective)
Work
done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal
SA,
Alam SJ, Firdous S, National
Telemedicine Conference Pakistan 2002, Technology
Resource Mobilization Unit (TReMU), Ministry of Science and Technology,
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad (Pakistan), 2002, p 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aims
and Objectives: 1) To establish Pakistan-based
anthropometrical-data library and growth charts.
2) To write softwares, which generate growth profile of a child.
3) To develop inexpensive anthropometry instruments from local resources.
Material
& Methods:
Protocols were designed after taking into account North American and European
ethical and human-rights standards, employing opt-in policy. Standing and
sitting heights, shoulder widths, weights
and mid-upper-arm circumferences are measured on over 2000 healthy children.
Software
Developed Indigenously: A software was developed at the University
of Karachi using Microsoft Visual Studio, Version 6.0, which takes as input
heights and weights of biological father and biological mother, and those of
child at 2 successive occasions, 6 months apart. The output is a detailed
growth profile indicating stunting (if present), overweight/underweight
1conditions, height velocity (comparison with reference height velocity) and
rate of weight gain/loss (comparison with reference weight gain). This software
is to be made accessible electronically for remote processing of data.
Instrumentation
Developed Indigenously: Inexpensive instruments for height
measurement as well as moiré frame for 3-D anthropometry, somatotyping and
screening of trunk deformities was developed from local resources.
Results:
Detailed growth analysis of a child using software developed by the NGDS Team
was presented.
Recommendations:
Failure to grow may be the first indication of a major underlying problem. The
NGDS Team recommended growth monitoring and analysis of all 4-10-year old
children using this software. Paper PDF
C51: A
Precedence Graph for the Physical Examination of Children
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270,
Pakistan
Kamal SA, Alam SJ, Firdous S, National
Telemedicine Conference Pakistan 2002, Technology Resource Mobilization
Unit (TReMU), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Pakistan,
Islamabad (Pakistan), 2002
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In
the field of pediatrics, physical examination is the most important part of any
intervention. Some checks
must be performed before the
others. Otherwise, an undiscovered condition may affect adversely on a
patient's health. Everyone knows that an examination of the resting heart must
be performed before treadmill testing. Similarly, hernia check must precede cardiac function testing
in the squatting position. "Precedence Graphs" shall be presented
showing the procedures, which must precede the others. Some of the procedures
can be performed concurrently. For example, cardiac function in the standing
position, and check for undescended testicles could be performed concurrently. Examples will be
brought up where "Concurrent Processing" is allowed in the physical
examination of children. This software might be a useful training tool for the
students and the residents, alike.
C50: An Influence Graph for the Physical Examination
of Children
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal SA, Alam SJ, Firdous
S, the Aga Khan University PGME
Conference: Complexity Science and Health
Care, Karachi, 2002 (poster presentation)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In
pediatrics, physical examination is the basis to start any intervention.
However, some procedures influence certain portions of the
examination. For example, running can influence blood pressure and heart rate.
"Influence Graphs" were presented showing various procedures
influenced by others. Protocols of physical examination
need to be designed in such a way that interacting procedures are performed in
a laid-down sequence, or
during separate sessions. This software might be a useful training tool for students
and residents.
C49: The NGDS Pilot
Project: Dealing with a Complex System
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270,
Pakistan
Kamal SA, Firdous S, Alam SJ, the Aga Khan University PGME Conference 2002: Complexity Science and
Health Care, Karachi, 2002 (poster presentation)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The NGDS
(National Growth and Developmental Standards for the Pakistani children) Pilot
Project was initiated
in 1998 under the directives of Governor Sindh/Chancellor, University of
Karachi. Anthropometrical data
(standing height, sitting height, weight, mid-upper-arm circumference, shoulder
width) have been collected in
4-11 years old children studying in institutions run by the Armed Forces of
Pakistan. In addition, the children
were screened for anemia, cardiac problems and presence of spinal curvatures.
Their posture and gait has also been observed. Those showing signs of trunk
deformities, especially scoliosis, are asked to come for a moiré examination.
Organization of the NGDS Pilot Project necessitated dealing with a complex
system: University of Karachi, Government of Sindh, the Armed Forces of
Pakistan, the institutional administration, the institutional health team,
families and teachers. Efforts were made to communicate with each at the proper
level, making
the project relevant to the particular needs of that body/individual.
Information regarding educational
background and profession of parents was used to devise communication
strategies.
C48: The NGDS Pilot Project: Anthropometry of
Pakistani Children
Work done at: UNIVERSITY
OF KARACHI, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal
SA, Firdous S, the
Sixteenth International Biennial Conference of Pakistan Pediatric Association,
Karachi, 2002, abstract # PO-26, p 127 (poster presentation)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The NGDS (National Growth and Developmental Standards for the Pakistani
Children) Pilot Project aims to establish a national anthropometrical-data
library of Pakistani children. Over 2000 healthy children studying in
representative institutions run by the Armed Forces of Pakistan are measured
using inexpensive anthropometric instruments developed from local resources.
Accuracy and precision of these instruments are comparable to
those purchased in international market. The measurements obtained were
standing and sitting heights,
shoulder widths, weights and mid-upper-arm circumferences on over 2000 healthy
children.
Benefits and Usefulness:
1) Health education and awareness
2) Regular monitoring of height and weight
3) Screening for growth retardation, trunk deformities, poor posture and gait
4) Training of school doctors and physical-education instructors
C47: The NGDS Pilot Project: Modeling Growth of
Pakistani Children
Work done at: UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI,
University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Kamal
SA, Firdous
S, the Sixteenth International Biennial
Conference of Pakistan Pediatric Association, Karachi, 2002
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The NGDS Pilot Project was initiated in 1998 under the directives of Governor Sindh/Chancellor,
University of Karachi. It is a goodwill, public-service endeavor, conducted
free of charge for the care and the development
of young persons to prepare them mentally, physically and emotionally for
rewarding careers in the civil and the military services. Growth of Pakistani
children is modeled keeping in view the ICP model of human growth, put forward
by Johan Karlberg. According to this model, height gain is continuous,
but not smooth. Phase
transitions from "infancy to childhood" and "childhood to
puberty" are accompanied by abrupt changes in height velocity. There are 3
periods of rapid growth: (a) after conception, (b) start of
“childhood curve”, (c) start of “puberty curve” Children suffering from
severe disease (e. g., diarrhea) during the weaning period may continue
on the infancy curve a little longer, before picking up the childhood curve
and, hence, end up shorter.
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Abstracts of Conference Papers (1972-1979) (1980-1989) (1990-1999)
Updated: August 1,
2008 (0000h GMT)
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Syed Arif Kamal